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J. Biener
A. Wittstock
L. A. Zepeda-Ruiz
M. M. Biener
V. Zielasek
D. Kramer
R. N. Viswanath
J. Weissmüller
M. Bäumer
A. V. Hamza
Nature Materials 8, 47 (2008). doi:10.1038/nmat2335
Nature Publishing Group
© 2008 Nature Publishing Group
Surface-chemistry-driven actuation in nanoporous gold
pdfTeX-1.40.9
© 2008 Nature Publishing Group
10.1038/nmat2335
1476-4660
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1476-1122
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Nature Materials
permissions@nature.com
47
8
2008-11-30
http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nmat2335
2008-12-04T13:20:01+05:30
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ET
1 0 0 1 122.17 207.452 cm
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1 0 0 1 -122.17 -207.452 cm
BT
/F34 6.0418 Tf 122.17 207.452 Td [(2)]TJ
ET
1 0 0 1 125.07 207.452 cm
0 g 0 G
1 0 0 1 -125.07 -207.452 cm
BT
/F34 6.0418 Tf 125.07 207.452 Td [(,)]TJ
ET
1 0 0 1 126.52 207.452 cm
0 g 0 G
1 0 0 1 -126.52 -207.452 cm
BT
/F34 6.0418 Tf 126.52 207.452 Td [(8)]TJ
ET
1 0 0 1 129.42 207.452 cm
0 g 0 G
1 0 0 1 -129.42 -207.452 cm
BT
/F34 9.2951 Tf 129.918 204.078 Td [(.)-581(Covalent)-581(adsorbate\025metal)-581(interactions)]TJ -90.233 -10.461 Td [(seem)-263(to)-262(have)-263(a)-263(decisive)-262(role)-263(in)-262(determining)-263(both)-263(the)-262(size)-263(and)-263(even)]TJ 0 -10.46 Td [(the)-317(sign)-317(of)-318(adsorbate-induced)-317(changes)-317(of)]TJ/F83 9.2951 Tf 158.651 0 Td [(f)]TJ/F34 9.2951 Tf 7.582 0 Td [(\050ref.)]TJ
ET
1 0 0 1 224.594 183.157 cm
0 g 0 G
1 0 0 1 -224.594 -183.157 cm
BT
/F34 9.2951 Tf 224.594 183.157 Td [(9)]TJ
ET
1 0 0 1 229.055 183.157 cm
0 g 0 G
1 0 0 1 -229.055 -183.157 cm
BT
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ET
1 0 0 1 39.685 82.277 cm
0 g 0 G
q
1 0 0 1 0 -5.417 cm
[]0 d 0 J 0.498 w 0 0 m 508.33 0 l S
Q
1 0 0 1 -39.685 -82.277 cm
BT
/F195 5.9776 Tf 39.685 66.868 Td [(1)]TJ/F195 7.9701 Tf 2.62 -2.893 Td [(Nanoscale)-226(S)9(ynthesis)-226(and)-226(Char)18(act)4(eriz)9(ation)-226(Labor)18(at)4(ory)40(,)-226(La)9(wr)18(enc)9(e)-226(Liv)14(ermor)18(e)-226(National)-226(Labor)18(at)4(ory)40(,)-226(Liv)14(ermor)18(e,)-226(Calif)9(ornia)-226(9)13(4550)18(,)-226(US)4(A,)]TJ/F195 5.9776 Tf 431.669 2.893 Td [(2)]TJ/F195 7.9701 Tf 3.696 -2.893 Td [(Institut)-226(f\374r)]TJ -437.985 -10.461 Td [(Ang)10(e)10(w)10(andt)4(e)-226(und)-226(Ph)9(y)9(sik)9(alische)-226(Chemie,)-226(Univ)14(er)9(sit\344t)-226(Br)18(emen,)-226(2835)9(9)-226(Br)18(emen,)-226(German)9(y,)]TJ/F195 5.9776 Tf 286.645 2.893 Td [(3)]TJ/F195 7.9701 Tf 3.624 -2.893 Td [(Institut)-226(f\374r)-226(Nanot)4(echnologie,)-226(F)40(or)9(schungsz)18(entrum)-226(Karlsruhe,)]TJ -290.269 -10.46 Td [(7)40(60)8(21)-226(Karlsruhe,)-226(German)9(y.)-226(*e-mail:)-167(biener2@llnl.g)10(o)14(v.)]TJ
ET
1 0 0 1 39.685 41.583 cm
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1 0 0 1 254.165 1.471 cm
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0 g 0 G
1 0 0 1 -293.85 -43.054 cm
BT
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ET
1 0 0 1 378.131 552.658 cm
0 g 0 G
1 0 0 1 -378.131 -552.658 cm
BT
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ET
1 0 0 1 383.931 552.658 cm
0 g 0 G
1 0 0 1 -383.931 -552.658 cm
BT
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ET
1 0 0 1 453.025 552.658 cm
0 g 0 G
1 0 0 1 -453.025 -552.658 cm
BT
/F34 6.0418 Tf 453.025 552.658 Td [(11)]TJ
ET
1 0 0 1 458.825 552.658 cm
0 g 0 G
1 0 0 1 -458.825 -552.658 cm
BT
/F34 6.0418 Tf 458.825 552.658 Td [(,)]TJ
ET
1 0 0 1 460.275 552.658 cm
0 g 0 G
1 0 0 1 -460.275 -552.658 cm
BT
/F34 6.0418 Tf 460.275 552.658 Td [(12)]TJ
ET
1 0 0 1 466.075 552.658 cm
0 g 0 G
1 0 0 1 -466.075 -552.658 cm
BT
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ET
1 0 0 1 515.373 531.736 cm
0 g 0 G
1 0 0 1 -515.373 -531.736 cm
BT
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ET
1 0 0 1 521.173 531.736 cm
0 g 0 G
1 0 0 1 -521.173 -531.736 cm
BT
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ET
1 0 0 1 509.174 510.815 cm
0 g 0 G
1 0 0 1 -509.174 -510.815 cm
BT
/F34 6.0418 Tf 509.174 510.815 Td [(14)]TJ
ET
1 0 0 1 514.975 510.815 cm
0 g 0 G
1 0 0 1 -514.975 -510.815 cm
BT
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ET
1 0 0 1 330.89 479.432 cm
0 g 0 G
1 0 0 1 -330.89 -479.432 cm
BT
/F34 6.0418 Tf 330.89 479.432 Td [(15)]TJ
ET
1 0 0 1 336.69 479.432 cm
0 g 0 G
1 0 0 1 -336.69 -479.432 cm
BT
/F34 9.2951 Tf 337.188 476.058 Td [(.)]TJ -25.684 -10.461 Td [(Nanoporous)-877(Au)-877(can)-876(be)-877(easily)-877(prepared)-877(in)-877(the)-877(form)]TJ -11.339 -10.46 Td [(of)-718(millimetre-sized)-719(monolithic)-718(samples)-718(by)-719(a)-718(process)-719(called)]TJ 0 -10.461 Td [(`dealloying'.)-648(In)-649(metallurgy,)-648(dealloying)-648(is)-649(defined)-648(as)-649(selective)]TJ 0 -10.461 Td [(corrosion)-174(\050removal\051)-173(of)-174(the)-174(less)-173(noble)-174(constituent)-174(\050here:)-173(Ag\051)-174(from)-174(an)]TJ 0 -10.461 Td [(alloy)-244(\050Ag\025Au\051,)-244(usually)-244(by)-243(dissolving)-244(this)-244(component)-244(in)-244(a)-244(corrosive)]TJ 0 -10.461 Td [(environment)]TJ
ET
1 0 0 1 348.667 416.668 cm
0 g 0 G
1 0 0 1 -348.667 -416.668 cm
BT
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ET
1 0 0 1 354.467 416.668 cm
0 g 0 G
1 0 0 1 -354.467 -416.668 cm
BT
/F34 6.0418 Tf 354.467 416.668 Td [(,)]TJ
ET
1 0 0 1 355.917 416.668 cm
0 g 0 G
1 0 0 1 -355.917 -416.668 cm
BT
/F34 6.0418 Tf 355.917 416.668 Td [(16)]TJ
ET
1 0 0 1 361.717 416.668 cm
0 g 0 G
1 0 0 1 -361.717 -416.668 cm
BT
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ET
1 0 0 1 320.078 381.911 cm
0 g 0 G
1 0 0 1 -320.078 -381.911 cm
BT
/F34 9.2951 Tf 320.078 381.911 Td [(Fig.)]TJ
ET
1 0 0 1 335.945 381.911 cm
0 g 0 G
0 g 0 G
1 0 0 1 -335.945 -381.911 cm
BT
/F34 9.2951 Tf 335.945 381.911 Td [(1)]TJ
ET
1 0 0 1 340.406 381.911 cm
0 g 0 G
1 0 0 1 -340.406 -381.911 cm
BT
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ET
1 0 0 1 338.554 353.903 cm
0 g 0 G
1 0 0 1 -338.554 -353.903 cm
BT
/F34 6.0418 Tf 338.554 353.903 Td [(17)]TJ
ET
1 0 0 1 344.354 353.903 cm
0 g 0 G
1 0 0 1 -344.354 -353.903 cm
BT
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ET
1 0 0 1 456.295 308.686 cm
0 g 0 G
1 0 0 1 -456.295 -308.686 cm
BT
/F34 9.2951 Tf 456.295 308.686 Td [(Fig.)]TJ
ET
1 0 0 1 472.162 308.686 cm
0 g 0 G
0 g 0 G
1 0 0 1 -472.162 -308.686 cm
BT
/F34 9.2951 Tf 472.162 308.686 Td [(1)]TJ
ET
1 0 0 1 476.624 308.686 cm
0 g 0 G
1 0 0 1 -476.624 -308.686 cm
BT
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ET
1 0 0 1 312.949 287.764 cm
0 g 0 G
1 0 0 1 -312.949 -287.764 cm
BT
/F34 9.2951 Tf 312.949 287.764 Td [(Fig.)]TJ
ET
1 0 0 1 328.816 287.764 cm
0 g 0 G
0 g 0 G
1 0 0 1 -328.816 -287.764 cm
BT
/F34 9.2951 Tf 328.816 287.764 Td [(2)]TJ
ET
1 0 0 1 333.277 287.764 cm
0 g 0 G
1 0 0 1 -333.277 -287.764 cm
BT
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ET
1 0 0 1 487.335 235.46 cm
0 g 0 G
1 0 0 1 -487.335 -235.46 cm
BT
/F34 9.2951 Tf 487.335 235.46 Td [(Fig.)]TJ
ET
1 0 0 1 503.202 235.46 cm
0 g 0 G
0 g 0 G
1 0 0 1 -503.202 -235.46 cm
BT
/F34 9.2951 Tf 503.202 235.46 Td [(1)]TJ
ET
1 0 0 1 507.664 235.46 cm
0 g 0 G
1 0 0 1 -507.664 -235.46 cm
BT
/F34 9.2951 Tf 507.664 235.46 Td [(c\051:)-620(in)-620(the)]TJ -207.499 -10.46 Td [(first)-483(half-cycle,)-484(ozone)-483(exposure)-484(leads)-483(to)-484(oxygen)-483(adsorption)-484(on)]TJ 0 -10.461 Td [(the)-555(clean)-555(Au)-555(surface)]TJ
ET
1 0 0 1 383.945 217.913 cm
0 g 0 G
1 0 0 1 -383.945 -217.913 cm
BT
/F34 6.0418 Tf 383.945 217.913 Td [(10)]TJ
ET
1 0 0 1 389.745 217.913 cm
0 g 0 G
1 0 0 1 -389.745 -217.913 cm
BT
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ET
1 0 0 1 539.486 196.991 cm
0 g 0 G
1 0 0 1 -539.486 -196.991 cm
BT
/F34 6.0418 Tf 539.486 196.991 Td [(11)]TJ
ET
1 0 0 1 545.286 196.991 cm
0 g 0 G
1 0 0 1 -545.286 -196.991 cm
BT
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ET
1 0 0 1 354.806 155.148 cm
0 g 0 G
1 0 0 1 -354.806 -155.148 cm
BT
/F34 6.0418 Tf 354.806 155.148 Td [(18)]TJ
ET
1 0 0 1 360.606 155.148 cm
0 g 0 G
1 0 0 1 -360.606 -155.148 cm
BT
/F34 9.2951 Tf 361.105 151.774 Td [(.)-657(Details)-658(of)-657(the)-658(ozone\025CO)-657(surface)-657(chemistry)]TJ -60.94 -10.461 Td [(on)-484(nanoporous)-484(Au)-485(were)-484(studied)-484(by)-484(carrying)-484(out)-485(CO)-484(titration)]TJ 0 -10.46 Td [(experiments)-481(in)-481(a)-482(continuous-flow)-481(reactor)-481(described)-481(in)-481(ref.)]TJ
ET
1 0 0 1 536.861 130.853 cm
0 g 0 G
1 0 0 1 -536.861 -130.853 cm
BT
/F34 9.2951 Tf 536.861 130.853 Td [(11)]TJ
ET
1 0 0 1 545.784 130.853 cm
0 g 0 G
1 0 0 1 -545.784 -130.853 cm
BT
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ET
1 0 0 1 39.685 23.128 cm
0 g 0 G
1 0 0 1 0 -2.834 cm
.1 1 .6 .2 k .1 1 .6 .2 K
1 0 0 1 -39.685 -20.294 cm
BT
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ET
1 0 0 1 101.176 20.294 cm
0 g 0 G
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